Reliable Toilet Installation Toronto: Update Your Shower room

Discovering the Benefits And Drawbacks of Different Pipes Types

 


Are you thinking about different pipes types for your residence? In this short article, we'll look into the advantages and disadvantages of different pipes systems. From the advantages as well as negative aspects of copper plumbing to the benefits as well as drawbacks of PVC, PEX, galvanized, as well as cast iron systems, we'll discover it all. By the end, you'll have a much better understanding of which plumbing kind might be the most effective fit for your needs. Allow's get started!

 

 

 

Plumber Toronto Top OnePlumber Toronto Top One

 

 

5 Common Types of Plumbing Solutions



Among one of the most common sorts of pipes systems is the standard pipeline and also suitable system. Since of its simplicity as well as dependability, this system is extensively utilized in domestic as well as industrial structures. With this system, pipes made of products like copper, PVC, or galvanized steel are made use of to deliver water as well as other fluids. These pipes are linked utilizing various kinds of installations such as joints, tees, and couplings.


The traditional pipe as well as fitting system provides several advantages. The products made use of in the pipelines and also installations are resistant to rust and also can endure high pressure. This guarantees that the pipes system will last for numerous years without any major problems - plumbers near me.


One of the main drawbacks is the possibility for leaks. Over time, the seals in between the pipelines as well as installations may wear away, leading to water leak. Furthermore, the standard pipeline and suitable system may not be ideal for certain applications.

 

 

 

Benefits and also Downsides of Copper Plumbing

 

 

Toilet Installation TorontoToilet Installation Toronto




When it concerns copper plumbing, you'll find both advantages and downsides. Copper pipes have been made use of in pipes for several years, and they have actually confirmed to be long lasting as well as long-lasting. One advantage of copper plumbing is its resistance to corrosion. Unlike various other kinds of pipes, copper pipes do not rust or corrode quickly, which implies they can withstand the examination of time. One more benefit is that copper pipes are warmth resistant, making them optimal for warm water systems (sump pump installation toronto). They can take care of heats without getting harmed or affecting the water top quality. Furthermore, copper pipes is recognized for its exceptional conduction of heat. This suggests that hot water will reach your taps quicker, conserving you time and power. Nevertheless, copper pipes likewise has its disadvantages. One major downside is the cost. Copper pipes often tend to be more costly than various other materials, making them much less inexpensive for some house owners. Another disadvantage is the potential for theft. Copper has a high scrap worth, making it eye-catching to burglars that may steal your pipes as well as market them for earnings. Copper plumbing requires competent setup. Otherwise mounted properly, copper pipes can develop leaks, resulting in water damage as well as expensive repair services.

 

 

 

Exploring the Advantages And Disadvantages of PVC Plumbing



Additionally, PVC pipelines are very easy as well as light-weight to manage, making installation a breeze. Their adaptability enables for very easy bending and navigating, which is specifically beneficial in limited areas or when dealing with complicated pipes systems.


Nonetheless, PVC pipes also have some disadvantages (licensed plumber). One major problem is their capacity for leaching hazardous chemicals right into the water supply. PVC pipelines are typically made with ingredients, such as plasticizers, that can contaminate the water with poisonous substances. An additional disadvantage is their minimal temperature level tolerance. PVC pipelines can come to be weak in severe cool or warp under heats, which may lead to leakages or ruptureds. plumbing certification online


Total, PVC pipelines offer longevity and also versatility, yet they also have their downsides. It's vital to weigh these cons and also pros when choosing the ideal pipes option for your demands.

 

 

 

The Perks as well as Drawbacks of PEX Plumbing



The advantages of PEX plumbing include its adaptability and also resistance to deterioration and also freezing temperatures, making it a popular selection for lots of home owners. With PEX pipes, you can quickly browse limited rooms as well as around barriers, thanks to its flexible nature. This makes installation much simpler and more efficient, saving you money and time. In addition, PEX piping stands up to deterioration, guaranteeing that your plumbing system will certainly last for years to come without any kind of issues. This is specifically useful if you have tough water or reside in a location with aggressive water problems. In addition, PEX pipes is highly immune to freezing temperatures. Unlike various other sorts of pipes, PEX won't burst or fracture when revealed to freezing temperatures, minimizing the risk of pricey repair services. Nevertheless, it's important to keep in mind that PEX plumbing might not appropriate for outside applications, as it can degrade under long term direct exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. On the whole, the adaptability, corrosion resistance, as well as freeze resistance of PEX plumbing make it a superb choice for a lot of homeowners.

 

 

 

Contrasting Galvanized and Cast Iron Plumbing Solutions



If you're taking into consideration plumbing systems, you might wish to compare galvanized as well as cast iron choices. Galvanized pipes systems contain steel pipes coated with a layer of zinc to avoid corrosion and also deterioration. They have actually been used for several years and also are understood for their durability. Nonetheless, over time, the zinc finish can subside, bring about the pipelines rusting as well as eventually causing leakages. On the various other hand, cast iron plumbing systems are constructed from solid iron pipes. They are exceptionally solid and also can hold up against high-pressure scenarios. Cast iron pipelines are also understood for their longevity, as they can last as much as 100 years with correct upkeep. Nonetheless, they are much more pricey and challenging to set up contrasted to galvanized pipes. Additionally, cast iron pipes can be vulnerable to rust if not effectively preserved. When picking in between galvanized and cast iron pipes systems, it's essential to consider variables such as resilience, price, and maintenance demands. Ultimately, the decision will depend on your details demands as well as choices.

 

 

 

Verdict

 

 

 


In final thought, when it involves selecting the best plumbing system for your needs, it is very important to consider the benefits and drawbacks of each choice. Copper plumbing offers toughness as well as integrity, yet it can be expensive. PVC plumbing is easy and affordable to set up, but it might not last as long. PEX plumbing gives adaptability and also resistance to freezing, but it may not appropriate for heats. Galvanized and also cast iron plumbing have their own advantages and negative aspects. Consider your certain needs and spending plan prior to choosing.


From the advantages and also drawbacks of copper plumbing to the advantages as sewer backup well as disadvantages of PVC, PEX, galvanized, and also cast iron systems, we'll discover it all.One of the most common types of pipes systems is the standard pipeline and also fitting system. Copper pipes have been used in pipes for numerous years, and they have actually verified to be long-lasting and resilient. Galvanized plumbing systems consist of steel pipes coated you could try here with a layer of zinc to stop corrosion as well as deterioration. On the various other hand, cast iron plumbing systems are made of strong iron pipelines.
 

An Unbiased View of Plumbing

The Basic Principles Of Plumbing

 

This is something that a handyman can not aid the consumers with. The 3 different kinds of plumbing systems are sanitary drainage, potable water, and tornado water drainage systems.

 

 

 

PlumbingPlumbing
All of these variations in the pipes system make sure that tidy water is divided from dirty/used water. Most districts utilize these three stated plumbing systems to offer the function.


With it, the plumbing professionals can be sent out a notice of their new appointed task, and in the meanwhile, you can track the work development. Aside from that, you can additionally utilize Field, Camp to schedule jobs, send off employee, create billings, and procedure repayments from consumers directly with the portal.


By Andrey_Popov at Shutterstock Eventually, you're bound to need specialist plumbing solutions. Your house or workplace might have a major obstruction, a nasty smell, or perhaps a backup. Sometimes like this, you wish to save a few bucks and also cut costs back, yet you also need outcomes.

 

 

 

Plumbing for Beginners


First, you require to recognize what you're after. Not all pipes solutions are equivalent, however a lot of will certainly use the essentials. You'll locate drainpipe cleansing, plumbing repair service, and water heater installation, with plenty even more, also. To ensure your office or home obtains the finest possible service, today's top pipes specialists supply a wide range of pipes solutions - Plumbing.


You could notice the sink is draining pipes slower than common, or not at all. There's most likely an obstruction. A drainage clog might occur due to oil accumulation, pre-moistened wipes, floss, or due to the fact that your plumbing system is old and also ineffective. Luckily, specialist drainpipe cleaning company are cost effective as well as effective. You can call a specialist plumbing professional as well as appreciate results that really mid-day.


Yet when that shower is chillier than you anticipated, the whole day is shaken off. Frequently, it's as a result of a damaged water heating unit. Today's specialists recognize how to fix water heating systems ranging from traditional designs to tankless water heating systems. You'll recognize you need water heating unit repair work when your system stops working to provide warm water, takes too lengthy to warmth water, leakages, or produces strange noises.


If a leak goes unnoticed, the resulting water damage may be significant. Most frequently, you'll find the obvious indications of a pipes leakage. A leakage will create standing water around the impacted component, recognizable damp places on wall surfaces, as well as increasing month-to-month water costs. Thankfully, today's professionals recognize just how to attend to a pipes leakage.

 

 

 

What Does Plumbing Do?

 

PlumbingPlumbing
When you're managing plumbing distress, there is always trigger for issue. Do not allow on your own become overwhelmed by plumbing leaks, obstructions, or a malfunctioning hot water heater. Call the professional plumbings at bluefrog Pipes + Drainpipe of an Antonio at 210-876-1629!.


?.!!. Your local Houston industrial pipes firm can provide all the plumbing services you need for your home. Picking an in your area owned and operated Houston business plumbing company can have several my website advantages for your property, whether you own an organization or take care of a multifamily facility. The pipes system is a crucial part of your building, so you can't trust simply anyone to deal with it for you.


There are plenty of reasons to pick a regional pipes professional for your residential or commercial property in Greater Houston. A neighborhood Houston commercial plumbing business often gives better high quality solutions compared to nationwide, cut-rate business.


There are a few reasons like this, such as less bureaucracy in a smaller sized, neighborhood company. One significant reason is the business's devotion to customer contentment. Neighborhood firms frequently depend on look at more info track record and also word of mouth. Giving poor quality solutions is a great way to fail pretty promptly as a local commercial plumbing professional.

 

 

 

Fascination About Plumbing


As a result, a neighborhood Houston business plumbing company is often incentivized to provide the greatest feasible top quality services and materials. Whether you require Houston industrial pipes fixing after hrs or need arranged maintenance, neighborhood knowledge is also useful for your building. Collaborating with a regional plumber that just offers Greater Houston can assist you guarantee you receive pipes services that satisfy your needs.


They can also tailor services to neighborhood conditions, like the ordinary water pressure that the city water line offers in your location. A local plumbing firm develops all their plans and also practices for their service area. Consequently, you can get the precise solutions you require for your commercial building. When you require commercial plumbing services, select our professionals at AAA Plumbers.


Our plumbers provide services for any kind of business building, from apartment structures to purchasing. We are available look at this site 24/7 to assist with all your pipes requires to make sure minimal interruption to your everyday operations.


Just how to reallocate sources to improve performances in a plumbing service. Plumbing firms hold a special area in culture: They are intrinsically essential for preserving a particular quality of life for houses and also organizations, as well as yet pipes companies often get a negative rap.

 

 

 

The Single Strategy To Use For Plumbing

 

PlumbingPlumbing


Provided that the majority of home and also organization proprietors are incapable of maintaining their own plumbing systems, while they still require potable alcohol consumption water as well as a functioning sewer system, plumbing firms can make for an extremely good financial investment. The market itself is relatively economic crisis durable due to the fact that also during a financial downturn, individuals will decide to repair any pipes problems.
 

The Ultimate Guide To Plumbing Services

The 5-Second Trick For Plumbers Near Me


This is something that is really usual in all houses. A trickling tap may not appear like a lot of water but when left alone it can add up to 100s of gallons a year!


To change the o-ring at the base of the spout, loosen the screws uncover the sink that is holding the fitting in position. Turn the faucet as well as remove the grub screw on the spout - best plumber near me. Lift out the spout out as well as change the O-Ring at the base prior to placing everything back together - plumber north york.


Make use of a screwdriver to eliminate the washer and also change with a new washer. Repeat the procedure in reverse to complete your repair.




Plumbers Near MePlumbing Services

 



The collections come with guidelines on how to construct them. For the majority of tap repairs you will certainly need some really usual family devices such as wrenches, little screwdrivers, and pliers.




Some Known Facts About Plumbers Near Me.


Be sure to have some towels at the ready simply in situation!.


There is a broad array of pipes issues Canuck Mechanical Ltd. looks after, including a few of one of the most usual plumbing fixing issues in Royal prince George, which are as complies with. Leaking tap A leaking faucet is a typical problem that property owners deal with. Given that the issue is commonly little and unobtrusive, it can be simple to overlook.




PlumberPlumber
Obstructed or sluggish drains A slow or blocked drainpipe can cause water support up in your sinks and also bathtubs. It can be appealing to purchase a non-prescription drainpipe cleaner, however these can cause even more damage than great in the lengthy run. It's finest to consult our competent team to look after your stopped up drains pipes.




 


That is why we will certainly never ask you to make the complete payment before our job is done. Our versatile settlement choice enables you to not pay us in complete up until we are done with your plumbing repair.




A Biased View of Plumbing Companies


If you've just moved right into a new residence in Calgary, Alberta, you're most likely not believing about the pipelines! You're excited to renovate and decorate, to make your brand-new house your own. Obviously, even your dream home will have plumbing problems ultimately. Today, Knight Pipes and also Home Heating is here to speak about a few of the most common plumbing issues Calgary house owners encounter as well as just how to address them.


There's never a good time to locate out you have actually clogged drains. This is an usual plumbing issue with a variety of causes. Various other drainpipe cleansers consist of solid chemicals that might damage your pipes as well as water supply.


When your draining pipes is sluggish, your pipes are close to cloggingand it may not be an easy repair. The 2nd location where hair, dust, and also particles can accumulate is in the catch. Often times an item like Bio-Clean can be used to improve a few of the build-ups, however if that does not function, it's time to call your local pipes specialist (plumbing courses toronto).


If you're getting in touch with a plumbing professional as well as have actually recently utilized a chemical cleaner, allow them know so they can prevent injury. Dripping faucets are annoying and also indicate that water is being lost. You will not be losing hundreds of litres of water, but if you do not get the issue taken care of, you'll increase your water expense.




The Greatest Guide To Plumbers Near Me


They can dry up or become harmed over time, allowing water to pour through. A running toilet takes place when water from the tank moves right into the dish without stopping.


One of the most common reason for this issue is an improperly securing flapper shutoff letting the water through. It could additionally be an unbalanced float or a loose fill tube. Fix: These things are reasonably simple to repair at house with commode repair kits, however only if you understand what you're doing.


If you do make the needed repairs as well as the toilet is still running, there could be a much more serious problem that an expert ought to handle. Seeing a puddle of water under your cooking area sink could imply big trouble. If left unfixed for too long, the repairs could set you back a tiny ton of money.


Leaks are most common around your pipes' joints, as well as they may be a significant mess both prior to and also after the fixing. Have you ever before stood under an uninspiring dribble of water in the shower questioning where all the pressure went? Low tide stress can be brought on by a range of elements, including something as simple as a stopped up shower head.




Some Of Plumbing Services


A leakage in the pipes can possibly be markham plumbing services the reason of low water stress. A leak might lead to water damages, implying pricey repair work.




Every one of the water is relocating at the exact same price with the pipeline. When you switch off the tap, the water wishes to keep moving, however there's no place for it to go. This results in the water slamming right into the rear of the valve, vibrating and also drinking the pipelines right via your home (plumbers near me).

 

Shark Plumbing Services Plumbers In San Jose: Full Feature Set Fundamentals Explained

Shark Plumbing Services - What Is San Jose Plumbers Fundamentals Explained


Not all of them might be the right selection forthe job. Know what to look for and locate out what are the characters that set apart the professionalsfrom the remainder.


m. on a Monday or 1 p. m. on a Sunday, you can depend on us to be there. Our plumbers will arrive quickly to identify and repair your system, so you can delight in recovered convenience quickly. The group at Air America has decades of experience offering homeowners with exceptional solution.




Some Known Details About San Jose Plumbing Such As Shark Plumbing Services


 

 



We are constantly readily available to take your phone call and also are devoted to your convenience.




An industrial workplace is home to its workers for a big section of each day, and it is typically open to the public for the bulk of the day. derived from Shark Plumbing Services best practices (click for details). Considering that industrial structures have hot water heater and also sewage system lines much like domestic houses, they likewise need high quality plumbing technicians in Jacksonville.




More About Derived From Shark Plumbing Services Best Practices (Click For Details)


Industrial pipes (often described as commercial pipes services) is created for industrial-level water use. This can include anything from industrial complicateds to large workplace structures as well as various other kinds of commercial applications. The tools made use of in commercial plumbing are usually larger as well as larger, created to handle industrial-level water usage easily.


The sort of pipes service you pick will certainly rely on your needs, in addition to the intricacy of the job concerned. Residential pipes is usually ideal for work within the house and also commercial plumbing ought to be utilized for industrial-level water use. It's important to speak to a certified plumbing professional prior to making any type of choices, as they are trained specialists with the experience required to establish which type of pipes ideal suits your requirements.




The Best Guide To San Jose Plumbing Such As Shark Plumbing Services


If you're experiencing little bursts of chilly water throughout your warm shower, you could not make much of it. This means there's a leak in the water line that's responsible for bringing cool water right into your warm water heater.


There are a few DIY repairs that can conserve you a see from a pipes pro. It can also be that your chain is also lengthy and also quiting the flapper from sealing effectively, you can simply move it out of the means.




Shark Plumbing Services Site Fundamentals Explained


 


It's very easy to think that when water decreases your drainpipe it runs out your life forever. While that is partly real, that water also has to go somewhere. If you have concerns with your sewer or water line, you'll find that the 'somewhere' is typically back right into your residence or gurgling out of your ground.


Fashionable odors in your residence can be a nuisance, yet they can also pose a safety risk. We can identify the source of the odors either through digital ways or with the use of a smoke test. In a smoke test, we inject smoke into your plumbing system to find the precise area where water and also gases exit your pipelines or where undesirable rainwater goes into.




The 8-Second Trick For Shark Plumbing Services’s Free San Jose Plumber


Certain plumbings specialize in toilet, bathtub/shower, as well as sink fixture setups. We're additionally the ones to ask for other appliance setups in your home including the dishwashing machine and washing machine/dryer combos. These systems call for a safe connection to your home's water line which only a plumbing technician can provide. A lot of individuals do not assume about backflow preventers until it's far too late which in this situation indicates you're consuming as well as bathing in polluted water.


Annual system assessments as an example can help avoid those 24/7 phone calls where water is curdling out of your wall surfaces and also you have actually obtained odd gases originating from your yard.




How Shark Plumbing Services’s Free San Jose Plumber can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


Plumbings can experience numerous various troubles every solitary day. Some are simple to fix as well as deal with, yet others call for significant components to be changed or repaired.


Plumbing issues are typically unanticipated as well as have the prospective to destroy your whole day (Shark Plumbing Services support). Dripping pipelines and malfunctioning fixtures can interrupt your strategies and bring the day's task to a stop. If you're managing plumbing issues in your house, it's time to employ a professional asap.




The 6-Minute Rule for Shark Plumbers @ Shark Plumbing Services


Shark Plumbing Services - What Is San Jose PlumbersShark Plumbing Services Support
Did you recognize that a dripping Shark Plumbing Services san jose plumbing website faucet can waste approximately 10 liters of water each day? B.L. James & Kid is here to aid with any type of tap problem in any sort of sink in your house. Occasionally the concern is as straightforward as tightening up or changing a worn O-ring on the deals with while older faucets might be rusted as well as call for total replacement. Shark Plumbing Services plumbers in San Jose features.


Due to the fact that we understand that when your cooking area sink does not drain pipes, your home ends up being an aggravation as opposed to the risk-free sanctuary it need to be. We take our commitment to excellence seriously as well as will just call the job completed when we understand your problem is resolved.




The Greatest Guide To Derived From Shark Plumbing Services Best Practices (Click For Details)


Shark Plumbing Services’s Free San Jose PlumberShark Plumbing Services’s Lead Capture Form

Shark Plumbers- Shark Plumbing ServicesShark Plumbing Services’s Free San Jose Plumber

A pipes system includes three components: an adequate potable supply of water system; a risk-free, appropriate water drainage system; and also enough fixtures as well as devices. The housing examiner's prime issue while examining plumbing is to guarantee the stipulation of a safe supply of water system, a sufficient drainage system, as well as sufficient and proper components and also equipment that do not contaminate water.

 

Rumored Buzz on Emergency Plumber Help

Unknown Facts About Emergency Plumber Help

 

Nonetheless, if you have any water spurting of any type of component of your pipes, there at some point will not suffice towels worldwide to conserve your flooring. Shut off your water main, as well as call an emergency plumbing technician. Plumbers don't just manage the pipes that offer you with accessibility to fresh water.


This scenario is really serious. If you have relative in the home, ask them to leave. If they are able, have one of the left member of the family call the fire department. In the meanwhile, switch off the major gas connection to your house and also open the home windows. You need to after that instantly evacuate yourself.


You will smell it before you see it, and you do not want it to obtain any kind of even worse. Sewer will only back up into your residence if the primary line is blocked or if your septic tank is failing (https://www.thebeijinger.com/user/emergencyplumber34). Various other than the ever-present stink, you might observe that flushing a toilet causes back-up in another component of your house.


We have actually made this online reputation via years of offering regularly superb client service. It's a track record that we take seriously, as well as we maintain this by applying our full interest to every work, whether big or little, immediate or otherwise.

 

 

 

The Only Guide for Emergency Plumber Help


Our emergency situation solution is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It doesn't matter if you call us out in the middle of the evening or on a national vacation.


Hann will certainly not only satisfy their assumptions, but will more than likely exceed them. Our emergency situation pipes specialists will offer you with the expert emergency situation pipes solution you call for whenever plumbing emergency situations strike unexpectedly. On the celebration Mayfield Heights homeowners are in requirement of a specialist emergency plumbing technician, W (emergency plumber service).F. Hann & Sons is the only name they require to understand.


W.F. Hann & Sons is at: 26401 Miles Road, Warrensville Levels, roughly 11 miles south of Mayfield Levels. No issue the season or the weather condition, our Mayfield Heights customers comprehend that our group of emergency plumbing professionals will certainly never ever allow them down. If your residence has a plumbing problem with a sink or a bathroom, we guarantee that it is recovered to typical and also is completely functional at last.


This is why we advise that our customers think about letting us repair in order to get rid of any possible problems prior to they end up being a major and pricey issue - https://www.instantbookmarks.com/author/emergencyplumber34/. By allowing us tidy and also change any kind of worn or broken components, you can prevent future emergency situations. It goes without saying that reactive emergency pipes services are far more costly and also intrusive than preventative upkeep.

 

 

 

Emergency Plumber Help Fundamentals Explained


At Len The Plumbing professional we recognize that when pipes emergency situations strike, you likely do not have days or perhaps hrs to wait about on your plumbing professional to get here as well as execute fixings! That's why we are devoted to offering you in your hour of need, no matter of when the hr may be. https://www.diigo.com/item/note/a3uww/iowg?k=9c9b870e64bd9b2ca5e08960b66d6007.


The truth concerning possessing a residence is that occasionally plumbing emergency situations take place. Right here are 3 suggestions on handling a residence pipes emergency.


For larger plumbing emergency situations, the major shut-off valve's area is key to avoid further troubles as well as water damages. If you are unaware as to where it lies, have actually a plumber appeared, do a routine check of your pipes, and also show you its place. Recognize your home's pipeline and plumbing format.

 

 

 

24 Hour Emergency Plumber Near MeEmergency Plumber Palm Harbor

 



Maintain a clear head and also work quickly to remove any type of belongings from the water affected area. If you are not alone, collaborate with a companion to turn off the water system as quickly as feasible. The faster you work, the better the pipes emergency will turn out. In the end, dealing with a plumbing emergency situation has to do with expertise as well as speed.

 

 

 

An Unbiased View of Emergency Plumber Help


If you have inquiries related to your plumbing simply call The Polite Plumbing at 973-398-0875. We'll never ask just how it occurred!.

 

 

 

Emergency Plumber Largo24 Hour Emergency Plumber Near Me
Pipes emergencies can emerge at any moment of day or night. When they do, the accredited and also insured plumbing professionals at Alliance Pipes prepare helpful site to reply to your call! Our emergency plumbing professionals work quickly to determine the cause of the problem and apply services that secure your house as well as properties from damage.


Preparing for an emergency pipes situation might seem impossible. Plumbing catastrophes tend to happen at the most inconvenient times as well as depending on the extent of the emergency, there could be numerous steps to take relatively all at once. Nonetheless, it is not only feasible to plan for emergency plumbing concerns in advance, yet it is suggested to do so.


While it might be alluring to manage emergency situation circumstances on your very own, it is best to avoid doing so as you may make the problem even worse as well as most costly in terms of fixing. With a little of pre-planning and company, it is feasible to implemented a plan that will certainly aid you to efficiently browse emergency situation plumbing issues.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15